Establishing awareness of intellectual property amongst staff of your company is essential for early maximizing the value of your intellectual property and the wealth of your business and reducing the possibilities of accidental non-confidential disclosures, that could prejudice successful patent applications and negatively affect the value of your intellectual property and ultimately the wealth of your business.
Regular training sessions of staff on intellectual property are key and should include the following:
how to identify and protect intellectual property;
how to use patents to improvements of technology;
understanding Patent Process;
how to deal with confidential information (see some examples in the scenarios below);
record keeping of intellectual property, including laboratory notebooks and policy on intellectual property; and
who to contact in case of need.
The record keeping procedures and manuals will address the following questions:
has the inventor kept the idea confidential?
is there a written description of the idea and has been kept safe and confidential?
how the idea has been generated? If during a collaborative programme, then was it agreed beforehand who owns what?
is the idea a new product, a new material, a new process for making something? If so, is it patentable or protectable in any other way?
is the idea a variation in a product or material or process? If so, it is still likely to be patentable or protectable in any other way?
who generated the idea? The answer to this question is very important in the event self-employed or other third party consultants are involved in any research and development or collaborative project.
The main object of this record keeping is to track, protect and maintain all relevant intellectual property rights of the business so that intellectual property can be licensed, assigned or exploited to the fullest extent and benefit of the company.
The record keeping procedures should also include a form upon which, potential inventions should be recorded identifying the following:
Who: department and research area;
Named individuals: inventors and authors;
What: technical description;
Why: perceived novelty;
How to use the information: potential applications/markets;
What else is needed: background or third party intellectual property and information.
The correct use of laboratory notebooks by staff is also essential. In the event of a dispute laboratory notebooks may be required to be presented as legal evidence.
It is therefore recommended that:
permanent bindings are used on notebooks (loose leaf books should be avoided to prevent possible removal or substitution of pages);
pages should be numbered and any additional drawings cards or computer printouts should be permanently attached to the notebook clearly identified and have reference made to them in the notebook;
all projects related and other activities, such as breaks in research due to secondment or holiday should be recorded factually; and
the notebook should be reviewed regularly by someone who understands the technology involved, each page should ideally be signed by a witness and again the choice of the witness is important and should not be someone who may be nominated as core inventor. The witness should also sign and date and graphs, chart, printouts, which are inserted into the laboratory notebook.
In addition, to the use of appropriate record keeping procedures and notebooks, an evaluation of IPR policy should be adopted. Such an evaluation should include factors, such as potential market, market, impact, competitive products, timing, intellectual property protection available and experience in the field concerned.
Finally, once relevant intellectual property rights have been identified, protected, exploited and enforced, it is advisable that, regular audit of such rights is undertaken to ensure that, the intellectual property rights reflect the current needs of the business and that expenditure is limited accordingly.
How to take care of confidential information:
Scenario 1 –
Have you been asked to sign a confidentiality undertaking? If so, please check that it is only confidentiality restriction and not a transfer of intellectual rights.
Obtain express confirmation from the discloser, that the information is not confidential, where possible, before disclosure.
Make a written record of what was disclosed, by whom and when.
Please remember that, an obligation, to keep information confidential, includes the obligation of not disclosure or not use of the information, without the permission of the person to whom the obligation is owned.
Scenario 2 –
Put in writing or some other permanent form.
Mark any documents with appropriate confidentiality and IPR disclaimers.
Keep a copy of what is disclosed and a record of when and to whom.
If an oral disclosure is made in confidence, confirm in writing what was disclosed and what was given in confidence.
Have the recipient sign a confidentiality undertaking of the disclosure.
Scenario 3 –
Consider whether anything in the paper describes a new device, chemical compound or manufacturing process or a significant improvement or modification to any such matters.
Do not disclose anything, without first considering the possibility of the content of the papers being patentable in whole or in part.
Consider whether there are any restrains, under any relevant agreements (including research and development or collaboration agreements).
Keep an eye on any relevant timetable for confirming publication.
Request that, the publisher confirms confidentiality on receipt of paper pending decision on publication.
Please, always remember that, any document exchanged, should be clearly marked as being confidential.
Scenario 4 –
Consider what background IPR, if any, are free from obligations of confidentiality and may be introduced to the project.
Prior to disclosing any information to third parties, have a confidentiality agreement signed. Such agreements, may take many forms and the terms should be adjusted in accordance with the particular circumstances.
You should always include the following:
- identification of parties;
- what information is to be kept secret; and
- for how long.
If in any doubt, consult your legal adviser.
The World Intellectual Property Rights Organization, WIPO has organized a three day workshop to educate the public on intellectual property rights. The initiative started today at the Coco palm hotel. The drive which is aimed at sensitizing St. Lucians to intellectual property rights issues will also include a public forum for persons interested in learning more about the issue.
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The expression, ‘intellectual property’ has come to be internationally recognized as covering mainly two branches, namely; ‘industrial property’ and ‘copyright’. Patents, industrial designs and trade marks used to be considered as different kinds of industrial property. In Bangladesh (during the time of the then British regime), the first legislation of its kind, on copyright was introduced in 1914, which was mainly based on the British Copyright law of 1911. After the independence from Britain new law on copyright was promulgated in 1962. The Copyright Ordinance 1962 has been replaced by the new copyright act of 2000. Now in our country, Copyright law is regulated by the Copyright Act 2000. This is done because of the prevailing situation in Bangladesh and around the world.
In case of patent and designs we have law which we inherited from our Colonial ruler. Patent rights are created by statute and governed by the Patent and Designs Act 1911. We have also law related to trademarks and it is regulated by the Trademarks Act 1940.
Intellectual property has acquired an internationally recognized character. Now it is regarded as “one of the most important sectors” of international law, having its source in various international conventions. At present, each and every country is trying to shape or reshape their legislature, relating to intellectual property; in the light of those international conventions.
The convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), concluded in Stockholm on July 14th, 1967, provides that, ‘intellectual property’ shall include rights relating to:
1. literary, artistic and scientific works,
2. performances of performing artists, phonograms and broadcasts,
3. inventions in all fields of human endeavor,
4. scientific discoveries,
5. industrial designs,
6. trade marks, service marks and commercial names and designations,
7. protection against unfair competition,
And all other rights resulting from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary or artistic fields. (Article 2/VIII) 1
Intellectual property protects application of ideas and information that are of commercial value.2
By virtue of a number of international conventions such as the, Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention, copyright acquired in one country extends to other countries which are member of these conventions. Other intellectual properties are beginning to acquire the same nature as well.
The principles of intellectual property law are substantially the same in all countries with little variation to meet the national requirements of each of the countries.
Bangladesh, as a least developed country, has also enacted intellectual property law in its national legislature.
The Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property rights (TRIPs) were included as integral part of World Trade Organization (WTO) due to pressure and interest of basically transnational companies and developed countries to ensure maximum profit or interest out of intellectual property in international trade.3 The TRIPs Agreement has been called the most ambitious international intellectual property convention ever attempted. TRIPs agreement has established the protection of intellectual property as a major part of the multinational trading system embodied in the WTO. As one commentator observer, intellectual property is now a key component of this trading system, “the protection of intellectual property is one of the three pillars of the WTO”.4
Bangladesh is now enjoying the transitional period that has been fixed by WTO under the light of TRIPs. So, we do not have a clear idea about the relation between intellectual property rights and economical development. But, it is certain that after the expiration of transitional period, Bangladesh will have to face a serious and severe situation because of the weak legal framework relating to intellectual property.
Now, in brief, the main features of intellectual property laws are given below:
1. The Patents and Designs Acts, 1911:-
(Act no. 11 of 1911)
The salient features of our existing Act are as follows;
Part-1; of the Patents and Designs Act, 1911; is about of patent. This part starts from section-1 and extends to section-42.
Section 2(8) contains the definition of invention; it proceeds as – invention means any manner of new manufacture and includes an improvement and all alleged invention. In sub-section (10) of the same section, provides the explanation of manufacture, “manufacture includes any art, process or manner or producing, preparing or making any article and also any article prepared or produced by manufacturer.”
Section-3 of the Act provides about the manner and mode of an application for patent. According to section-3(1); a patent application can be made by any person, whether he is a citizen of Bangladesh or not. An application can be made, alone or jointly with any other person.
According to section-4 of the Act; there are some provisions about specification. Wection-4(2) states that, a complete specification must particularly describe and ascertain the nature of the invention and the manner in which the invention is to be performed.
Section-10 of the Act, discusses about the topic, “grant and sealing of patent”. According to section-10(1); if there is no opposition of the patent application or, in case of opposition, if the determination is in favor of the grant of a patent, a patent shall, on payment of the prescribed fee, be granted, subject to such conditions if any as the Government thinks expedient, to the applicant, or in the case of a joint application to the applicants jointly, and the Controller shall cause the patent to be sealed with the seal of the Patent Office.
Term of patent, is laid down in section-14(1) of the Act. The duration of patent is sixteen years from its date. Section 15 of the Act; also provides rules regarding extension of the term of patent.
If any patent has been ceased, owing to the failure of patentee to pay any prescribed fee within the prescribed time, the patentee may apply to the controller in the prescribed manner for an order for the restoration of the patent. Section-16 of the Act deals with the matter, restoration of lapsed patent.
Section-22 of the Act contains provisions of “Compulsory Licenses and Revocation”. Both the Govt. and High Court Division are empowered to grant compulsory license or revocation of patent. Any person interested may present a petition to the Govt., alleging that the demand for a patented article in Bangladesh is not being met to an adequate extent and on reasonable terms and praying for the grant of a compulsory license, or in the alternative, for the revocation of the patent.
According to section-25 of the Act, if any patented invention or the mode which it is exercised; is mischievous to the state or prejudicial to the public; Govt. can declare the patent, revoked, by notification in the official Gazette.
Section-26 of the Act; provides the grounds, on which; a patent can be revoked by the High Court Division. Section-26(2) also provides, who can present a petition for revocation of a patent.
Section-30 of the Act; declares that; an innocent infringer of a patent; is exempted from liability or damages for infringement.
Part-II of the Act; describes all about ‘Designs’ or industrial designs. According to section-43(1); any person claiming to be the proprietor of any new or original design not previously published in Bangladesh, can apply to the Controller for the registration of that particular design.
According to section-47(1); the proprietor of a registered design, shall subject to the provisions of this Act, have copyright in the design during five years from the date of registration.
Section-51(A) of the Act; narrates that, any person interested may present a petition for the cancellation of the registration of a design. Such petition should be presented to the High Court Division.
Part-III of the Act; is about, Patent Office and proceedings there at.
According to section-59 of the Act; every register kept under this Act shall at any convenient times be open to the inspection of the public, subject to provisions of this Act.
Section-65 of the Act; states that, in any proceeding under this Act, the Controller shall have the powers of a Civil Court for the purpose of receiving evidence, administrating oaths, enforcing the attendance of witness compelling the discovery and production of documents, issuing commissions, for the examining of witnesses and awarding costs and such award shall be executable in any Court having jurisdiction as if it were a decree of that Court.5
2. The Trade Marks Act; 1940:
(Act No. V of 1940)
The basic principles of the Trade marks Act are described below:
Section-2 of the Trade marks Act contains definitions that are related to this Act. As to, section-2(k); trade mark means a mark used or proposed to be used in relation to goods for the purpose of indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course of trade between the goods and some person having the right, either as proprietor or as registered user, to use the mark whether with or without any indication of that identity of that person.
The establishment of Trade marks Registry at Dhaka, appointment of the Registrar and Deputy Registrar are laid down in section-4 of the Act.
According to section-5 of the Act; the registration of a trade mark, requires distinctiveness. Purpose of such distinctiveness is to distinguish those particular goods from the others, which have similarity in nature.
Any mark, containing scandalous design; or be likely to hurt the religious susceptibilities of any class of the citizens, or to be contrary to any law for the time being in force or morality is prohibited for registration of that mark. Section-8 of the Act, say so.
Section-16 of the Act; provides that; when an application for registration of a trade mark has been accepted and either has not been opposed or having been opposed, has been decided in favor of the applicant, the Registrar shall, registers the said trade mark.
Section-18 of the Act, says that; the registration of a trade mark shall be a period of seven years, and may be renewed from time to time in accordance with the provisions of this section.
According to section-20 of the Act; no person shall be entitled to institute any proceedings to prevent, or recover damages for the infringement of an unregistered trade mark.
According to section-46 of the Act; any person aggrieved can apply to the High Court Division or the Registrar, for the cancellation or verification of the registration of a trade mark on the ground of any contravention of, or failure to observe a condition entered on the register in relation there to.
Chapter-IX of the Act; is specially written down for textile goods.
Chapter-X of the Act, states the provisions regarding offences and restriction of use of Royal Arms and state emblems.
According to section-73 of the Act, any suit for the infringement of a trade mark or otherwise relating to any right in the trade mark; shall be instituted to a District Court having jurisdiction to try the suit.6
3. THE COPYRIGHT ACT; 2000:
(Act No. 28 of 2000)
A short overview:-
Section-2 of the Copyright Act; provides all the definitions related to copyright and so on.
According to Chapter II; section -9, 10 and 11; Copyright Board will consist and the post of Register has made. The board is a quasi-judicial body; while working, it would be deemed as a Civil Court.
Definition of copyright is laid down in Chapter III; section 14 of the Act. Section 14(2) includes, ‘computer programs’ as a subject to this Act.
Chapter IV; deals with the ownership of copyright and the rights of the copyright owner. This Chapter starts from section-17; ends to section-23.
Chapter V of the Act; describes all about the term of different types of copyright. Generally the term extends from the lifetime of the author until sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies; is at section-22. The section also provides that, copyright shall subsist in any literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work (other than a photograph). Section-25 to section-32 of the Act narrates the duration of copyright for different types. For instance, posthumous work, cinematograph films, sound recordings, photograph, anonymous and pseudonymous works, Govt. works, work of any local body, work of international organizations.
Section-50 of the Act; deals with compulsory licenses in works withheld from public.
Chapter X of the Act is about, registration of copyright.
Chapter XII; section-71, describes about infringement of copyright and section-72 of the Act; provides acts not to be infringement of copyright.
Chapter XIV; is about Civil remedies, that are available against infringement of copyright. Exclusively, section-76 of the Act; provides, remedies against such infringement. According to section-81 if the Act; the Court of District Judge, is the Court of first instance of such proceedings.
Chapter XV of this Act; describes offences and punishment. According to section-82 of the Act; any person who knowingly infringes or abets the infringement of copyright; shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months. But, which may extend to four years and fine which shall not be less than fifty thousand taka but which may extend to Taka two lacks. But; where the infringement has not been made for gain in the course of trade or business; the Court may, adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgment, impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six months or a fine of less than fifty thousand taka.
According to section-95 of the Act; an order made by the Registrar is a subject to appeal to Copyright Board. According to section-96; against any order; made by the Board; any aggrieved person, within thirty days of such order can file a petition of appeal to the High Court Division.7
PROBLEMES AND INSUFFICIENCY OF THE EXISTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAWS:
PATENTS AND DESIGNS ACT:-
The defects are;-
Like any other national patent system, novelty is an essential requirement of an invention to be patentable under the existing law of our country. But it is clear from the definition of ‘invention’ in section-2(8) of the 1911 Act; the invention to be patentable need not have a commercial pecuniary success. In other words, utility of an invention is not required by this definition. Although lack of utility is a ground for revocation of a patent under section-26(f) of the Act, till now this has not been included in the definition of invention. The 1911 Act makes no difference between patentable and non patentable inventions. Considering the public interest certain items should be kept outside the domain of patent protection. Since under the existing law no item has been excluded from the domain of patent protection, any type of new invention may obtain patent protection although it should not be patentable for the greater interest of the public at large. Under the existing law, the application for a patent must contain a declaration that the applicant is the true and first inventor or the assignor or legal representative of such inventor. But the term, “true and first inventor” is left undefined. Thus any person importing an invention for the first time into Bangladesh or any person to whom an invention is first communicated from outside Bangladesh can claim to be the “true and first inventor” of that invention and thus, can take the advantage of the vagueness of the term. Here; a fact should be added that, such practice already has begun. Some pharmaceutical companies don’t having any research and develop cell, importing some drugs, and by claiming patent, under the ambiguity of the Act, getting patent. A statistic says that, at the 1st and 2nd week of March, 2006; on an average, 40 patents were granted by the patent office, in each week. Thus, the local producers are forced to remain non productive on that particular patented items. The standard of examination varies from country to country. In some countries like Netherlands, Germany, U.S.A. and Japan it is rigorously involving an extensive search for both novelty and obviousness among documents published in many countries, over a period of many years. But according to our existing patent law; examination is less rigorous involving for novelty only, and the extent of search is restricted. Term of patent protection shall, as laid down in section-14, be sixteen years from its date. But the term is not sufficient enough for the exploitation of the patent right. What constitutes infringement of patent isn’t defined in the Patents and Designs Act, 1911. Section-29(1) of the Act only says that, the patentee has a right to sue against the infringer during the continuance of the patent acquired by him. Section-30 of the Act says that, a patentee shall not be entitled to damages against an innocent infringer. But, ignorance of law is no defense. The infringer should pay for the project as compensation of damages. Under the existing law any process or manner of producing, preparing or making an article in patentable as appears from section-2 (8) read with section-2(16). But, the 1911 Act does not confer upon the patentee the exclusive right to exercise the process. The 1911 Act contains provisions regarding compulsory licenses of patent rights but the terms and conditions of conditions of compulsory licenses are not detailed in the Act.
TRADE MARKS ACT:-
1. Section-22(3) of Trade Marks Act defined infringement in a very narrow sense though the act has provisions against infringement.
2. Although Chapter X of the Act, describes about offences and restrictions of use of Royal Arms and state emblems but this chapter does not extends to the infringement of any registered trademark. Any deceptive use of any registered trademark; is not also included in this chapter.
3. There is no provision for protection of internationally recognized trademark in our existing Trademark Act 1940.
COPYRIGHT ACT:-
Our existing copyright law has been enacted in line with the copyright law of India. It has been enacted to cope with the prevailing international set up of copyright system. So, preventive measures have been adopted to tackle the future complications in copyright sector.
NECESSARY PROPOSAL FOR REFORMATIONS: The term ‘intellectual property’ is still at its nascent stage in our country and people are not aware of the concept and importance of intellectual property. But, in international arena, the concept and coverage of intellectual property is growing so fast than any other brunches of law. We have intellectual property laws but these laws are not sufficient to tackle the challenges that are imminent and threatening us. Keeping in mind the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement and other relevant conventions the following reformation proposals can be made:
Reformations of the Patents and Designs act:
ü The Patent and Designs Act, 1911 should be revised thoroughly.
ü Essential requirements of patentable invention should be described clearly and there must be a clear distinction between patentable and non patentable inventions.
ü The standard of examining a patent application should be made more effective.
ü Term of patent protection shall, as laid down in section 14, be 16 years from its date. But the term should be extended to 20 years for patent and the term of a design, according to sec – 47(1) is 5 years from the date of registration, should be extended to 10 years.
ü Existing Act does not have any definition of infringement, it should be included.
ü The part of “designs;” have some confusing words, as in that part the term, “copyright” has frequently used. But it may create confusion. Such confusion should be effaced.
ü The Act does not have anything to do about the protection “Geographical indication” which could result a huge loss of losing our culture & heritage. So, it should be included.
ü Provisions relevant to PARIS convention should be incorporated.
ü The administrative provisions and complications should be avoided. The complications should be made more subject to judicial decision.
ü The provisions of offences and penalties should be revised and reformed with the need of the time.
Proposal for reformations of The Trademarks Act:
After studying present Trademark Act and different conventions, it is clear that our existing Trademarks Act 1940 should be amended as well. The following suggestions can be made:
ü The reformed trademark law should have a wide view about the marks which can be registerable and which marks cannot be.
ü Infringement of trademark should be defined more accurately. Besides, punishment for infringement should be made stricter.
ü How will we protect our renowned trademarks in international market and reciprocally how other countries trade marks can enjoy protection in our local market, should be defined in our trademarks act, with an assertive view.
ü Offences and penalties, in respect of violation of any provisions of this act, should be made more effective and harder.
ü If any complication or confusion arises in practicing of the act, the judicial body should be involved with more vigilance.
Proposed reformations to the copyright law:
The Copyright Act 2000 has been enacted to cover the rules and to cope with the international copyright system. Our existing copyright law has been enacted in line with the copyright law of India. It has been enacted to cope with the prevailing international set up of copyright system. So, preventive measures have been adopted to tackle the future complications in copyright sector. From the face of the Copyright Act 2000, it seems that our copyright law has fulfilled the need of the time.
Though computer programs, tables complications including data base are recognized to have the copyright protection, there is no legal recognition for transaction carried out by means of electronic data or other means ‘e-commerce’ which involves the use of alternativeness to paper based method of communication and storage of information to facilitate filing of documents with government agencies .
The growing global importance of the cyber law is posing new challenges and in view of the peculiarity involved in the fields, the understanding between the nations of the world by treaties or covenants, may be of considerable importance in the absence of which the implementation of the legislation would be near to impossibility. Our present act should be amended to fulfill the shortage.
Finally we can hope that a stronger protection system of the intellectual property rights, a qualified commission to observe the protection and thus policy making options to bring civil remedies for the violation of the rights and finally a complete law regulation in all sectors of intellectual property rights will surely lead us to a better future.
Notes and References:
Background reading materials on intellectual property: WIPO (Pp-3, 4).
P.Narayanan.(pp-1). TRIPs agreement. John Madely hungry for trudeyzed books UK (2000) pp-96-97. The Patents and Designs Act 1911 The Trade Marks Act 1940 The Copyright Act 2000
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This is an ongoing series looking at websites that can be of help to fiction writers with their craft and career.
The Passive Voice
The book publishing world is in turmoil. Okay, some folks won’t like the word “turmoil,” but the truth hurts sometimes. Mostly because of the current economy and changes in technology, ie. digital publishing, book publishers are getting hit hard in the pocketbook. More and more readers are switching to e-books, and even those who haven’t seem to be getting fed up with the growing costs of books. It doesn’t help that book stores are closing in big numbers, the most noticeable being the recent death of many Borders stores.
So, if the book publishing world is having problems, those problems steamroll down to the fiction authors. It’s tough to get a publishing contract, especially for a first-time novelist and sometimes even for those who have a track record at being an author. And even if you do get a contract, you have to read it with a fine-tooth comb because publishing companies are seeking more and more rights from authors, in some cases almost total rights.
In a way, this makes sense from the point of view of the publishers. Their business model is hurting, so they’re trying to grasp at whatever they can.
But that doesn’t mean you have to play the sucker and sign away a bunch of rights (and dollars!) to that novel you’ve been busting your hump on. Facing down a publishing company might be a little scary, especially if you are a beginner with a dream of having your book published, but that doesn’t mean you have to be a fool.
What should you do then if you happen to land a book contract? My suggestion would be to hire an intellectual properties attorney to look over the contract. This will cost you a chunk of change, but it is likely worth it. Even if you have a literary agent, I still suggest having an IP attorney look at your contract.
But don’t just take it from me.
Read about it at The Passive Voice website.
The site is an anonymous blog, but don’t let that scare you. The blogger, known as Passive Guy, makes claims of being an attorney and an entrepreneur, and they seem to know what they’re talking about. Again, don’t just take my word for it. Professional authors such as Dean Wesley Smith are also suggesting writers check out The Passive Voice site. When professionals vouch for someone, plus that someone seems to know what they’re talking about, I’ll give them the benefit of the doubt.
However, as is stated in multiple places on The Passive Voice site, do not consider what you read on that site to be legal advice. For that matter, don’t read anything I’m writing here as legal advice. You need to hire an attorney if you want legal advice.
But what kind of information can a writer find at The Passive Voice?
There is some information about the craft of writing, but the majority of information on the site leans towards the legalities of book publishing, especially concerning contracts. In fact, Passive Guy collects contracts, though there are certain things he does not want in the contracts, such as the author’s name, publisher’s name, etc. What good is such a collection? Well, there’s likely some personal interest for the Passive Guy, but he does use the information he garners to inform his blog readers.
The Passive Voice also has news concerning the book publishing business, as well as some posts about what is going on at various literary agencies, publishers, authors, etc. Again, most of the news is related somehow to book publishing contracts.
To make it a little more clear, I’ll borrow a short quote directly from Passive Guy explaining his approach to The Passive Voice: “PG views his job (actually, more of an obsessive hobby) as helping authors understand what’s going on during a time of massive upheaval in the publishing industry.”
Writers can’t ask for much more than that.
FRANCIS MAGALONA – INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (FREEMAN)
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Copyright is the exclusive prerogative on an author’s original creative works.
It divides into two branches:
* Moral Rights, which grants the author the copyrightd of the work and ensures respect for the integrity of the work;
* Economic rights, which confer a monopoly of economic exploitation in the work, for varying periods after which the work enters the public domain.
As part of the law, copyright is an essential element of intellectual, literary and artistic property. With the advent of printing in the fifteenth century, the first operating monopoly on the works was granted by letters patent
During the Middle Ages, most of the artistic creation was only exposed to a smaller audience, with low potential for mass production. Literary works are most often transmitted orally, so that their reproduction is reserved for the few who have mastered the craft. That’s why most of the artistic corpus remains anonymous until the Renaissance.
With the Renaissance, the concept of individualism is of more importance, the authors seek to be recognized for their creative work. The invention of printing by Gutenberg around 1440, allowed a wider dissemination of works and general access to the written word.
Impact of IT
In the late 1990s, the development of internet and digital technology marked a major advance in the dissemination of knowledge. This increased access to ICTs, accompanied by a strong movement of questioning the legitimacy of copyright. This phenomenon, still current, is related to the explosion of illegal downloading of content (music, movies, software), supported by a growing capacity and speed of Internet connection.
This challenge to copyright is also at the heart of a broader questioning of the regulatory models of technological and cultural sectors, whose growth has upset the economic balance known hitherto.
Economic issues
Economically, the work of the mind is a non-exclusive, it has the qualities of a public good. Conversely, the physical medium by which the work is communicated is a good rival and exclusive. For example, during a theatrical performance, the drama itself is a public good, while the seats rented by spectators are rivalrous and exclusive. We can then identify two key economic issues related works:
* The cost of the original design which inevitably leads to fixed costs;
* The cost of duplicating the original, which induces marginal costs.
For some works, like most films, design costs are high, while costs of publication of an extra copy of the work (marginal costs) are negligible, especially in case of digital transmission. Other works, however, like most live shows, have a low design cost (script writing, design, choreography, etc).
The purpose of copyright is to provide a sequential solution to the contradiction between the authors and funding free access to works. The introduction of copyright is to make the work of the mind exclusive, by granting the author a monopoly controlling his creation.
Copyright encourages the author to cover the costs of creation, and allows him to collect a fee from the operation of monetary monopoly granted to it. The ability to assign or license the copyright encourages wide dissemination of intellectual works. Producers and publishers who become assignees of copyright enjoy legal certainty allowing them to recoup their investments in creation and funding new works.
Agriculture and Intellectual Property Rights:
This book presents the perspectives of policy-makers and economists on a highly topical subject. Plant breeding patents, the ownership of biological innovation and associated intellectual property rights (IPR) are the subject of increased attention worldwide. They are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology, but until recently evoked little policy analysis.IPRs are particularly relevant in the field of agricultural biotechnology. They are issues affecting public and private sector organizations and companies, and are significant for developing as well as developed countries.
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Most people are attentive of the numerous benefits of owning a trademark registration. Trademark registration in India becoming familiar with complete customer satisfaction. Trademark registration is the protection agreed by the government to the business entities as to reduce the possibility of getting the advantage of the business by others by the way of misuse and to raise the opportunities keeping the mark exclusive under the eye of law.
Generally, brand registration refers to the trade mark used to discriminate the goods or services among the consumers. The business group sells their services or goods under the precise name or brand that is called trade mark. Therefore, the brand is registered in order to evade the repetition or use the same mark by others. In vision of this, the brand registration referred to as trademark registration. Trademark brand was initially developed as a name, term, design, and symbol. Powerful brand can bring success in bloodthirsty and financial markets and thus become the markets worthless assets.
Trademark brand equity dealings the value of brand to the trademark owner. The brand name is used interchangeably with brand to designate written or spoken linguistic rudiments of the brand. Brand name is a form of trademark which identifies the brand owner as the money-making source of products or services. The brand owner may ask for to protect the proprietary rights in relation to a brand name during . Trademark brand is a appliance to create monopoly so that the brand owner can obtain some of the reimbursement to those related to decline price competition. There is legal magnitude as it is essential that the brand names and trademarks are protected by all means. An existing brand name can be used as a vehicle for new and modified products. Individual brand names allow greater suppleness by permitting different products to be sold without puzzling the consumer.
The trademark is registered for the business name, brand name and logo as to discriminate, popularize, create the goodwill and put aside the mark from competitors and fraudulent. The trademark office is an organization to provide protection to the inventors and dealing for their inventions and trademark registration in India provide protection and intellectual property recognition.
In addition, if some business entity desires to extend its dealing in more than one or several countries, it can ensue with International Trade mark registration. The titled name International Brand Registration is the usual form of the International Trade mark registration. It is meant, when the registration is done through any International pact, that gives the protection in all the countries allied with the treaty.
The is an agency, which provides protection to the inventors and business for their inventions and trademark registration for the product and intellectual property identification. The office is provided with funds by the fees, which are charged for processing the patents and trademark. The applications to trademark registration are examined by the trademark office.
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